Detecting a shadow pandemic: The current state and future direction of screening and assessment tools for intimate partner violence-related brain injury

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major global concern, and IPV victim-survivors are at an increased risk of brain injury (BI) due to the physical assaults. IPV-BI can encompass both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and non-fatal strangulation (NFS), but IPV-BI often goes undetected and untreated due to a number of complicating factors. Therefore, the clinical care and support of IPV victim-survivors could be enhanced by BI screening and assessment in various settings (e.g., first responders, emergency departments, primary care providers, rehabilitation, shelters, and research). Further, appropriate screening and assessment for IPV-BI will support more accurate identifications, and prevalence estimates, improve understanding of health implications, and have the potential to inform policy decisions. Here we overview the seven available tools that have been used for IPV-BI screening and assessment purposes, including the BISA, BISQ-IPV, BAT-L/IPV, OSU TBI-ID, the HELPS, and the CHATS, and outline the advantages and disadvantages of these screening tools in the clinical, community, and research settings. Recommendations for further research to enhance the validity and utility of these tools are also included.