Housing instability screening and referral programs: A scoping review

ABSTRACT Background Housing instability in the United States is a critical social determinant of health, influencing health outcomes and healthcare utilization. This scoping review aimed to analyze literature on US health system screening and response programs addressing housing instability, highlighting methodologies, geographic and demographic variations, and policy implications. Methods Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, the review included studies focusing on US health systems that screen and refer for housing instability. Major scholarly databases including PubMed and Scopus were queried. Screening and response program characteristics, methodologies, and outcomes were characterized. Results Thirty studies published between 2003 and 2023 were included in this study. Included studies were primarily cross-sectional (23.3%) or quality improvement (20.0%), among eleven other designs. Screening programs were predominantly implemented in academic hospital systems (46.7%), in the Northeast (63.3%), and in outpatient settings (68.0%), and the majority used electronic health record entry (52.2%). Of the 22 studies that described their screening tool, 15 used institution-specific tools and only four of the remaining seven studies used identical tools. Of the 20 studies that described their response to positive screenings, 13 provided patients with a paper or electronic referral to a collaborating community partner while only six aided the patient in connecting with community resources. Conclusions This study found significant variability in screening and response programs for housing instability among US healthcare providers. A lack of standardized definitions and methodologies hampers effective comparison and implementation of these programs. Future research should focus on standardizing screening methods and measurement of interventions and outcomes to address housing instability.